Blister Beetle: He alakaʻi piha i ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomalu

Aia i loko o kēia kīhāpai a me nā pests kula kahi mea make, inā e ʻai ʻia, hiki ke hōʻeha nui i nā holoholona. E ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻoluʻolu palekana a kūlohelohe no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka blister ma aneʻi.

He māla maʻamau a me nā pest kīhāpai ʻo Blister beetle i ʻike nui ʻia no ka huna huna ʻana i ka wā e ʻeha a ʻeha paha. Aia i loko o ka mea huna kekahi mea pohū i kapa ʻia ʻo cantharidin, kahi mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka maʻi maʻi liʻiliʻi. He mea maikaʻi loa ʻo Cantharidin i ka luku ʻana i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea wehe wart.

He mea ʻawaʻawa ʻo Cantharidin inā ʻai ʻia. Hoʻomau ia i loko o nā pīkī make ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana o ka mauʻu a lākou i ʻai ai. Hiki i nā lio ke loaʻa i ka ʻona. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pepeke, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻehā a i ʻeono mau kalama o nā pepeke make hiki ke make.

Hiki i ka poʻe e ʻai ana i ka pest ke manaʻo i ka pōʻino nui i ka ʻāpana mimi a me ka lining o ka ʻōpū. E nānā i nā keiki i hoʻokomo i kekahi mea i loko o ko lākou waha no ka hiki ke ʻeha.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoweliweli i hoʻopuka ʻia e kona ʻawaʻawa, hoʻopilikia ka beetle i ka māla a me nā mea kanu ʻoihana ma ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano lau lau, nā mea kanu inflorescences, nā pua ʻāina a me nā māla mauʻu.

He aha ka nalo?

Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) no ka cantharidin toxin i loaʻa i loko o ko lākou mau wai kino, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i ka ʻili o ke kanaka a me ka mumū e weliweli ai ke ola i nā lio a me nā holoholona.

Aia pū ʻo Cantharidin i ka lele Spanish, kahi aphrodisiac kaulana.

He pilikia ka blister beetle i kekahi manawa i nā mea kanu e like me ka alfalfa, clover sweet, canola, beans, soybeans, ʻuala a me nā beets kō.

ʻAi lākou i nā pua a me nā lau o nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, me nā lālā o ka ʻohana Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae a me Solanaceae, a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka defoliation nui o nā mea kanu kahi a lākou e ʻākoakoa ai i ka nui.

ʻO nā pīkī blister he mea hui a hiki ke loaʻa i nā helu nui ma kekahi mau wahi o ke kula. ʻAʻole maʻamau nā pōpoki koʻikoʻi ʻo Blister beetles a i kekahi manawa ke hoʻopōʻino i ka hua ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana.

Eia naʻe, ke ʻike ʻia lākou i loko o ka alfalfa a me nā meaʻai hānai ʻē aʻe a nā lio a i ʻole nā ​​holoholona ʻē aʻe e ʻai ai, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha i ka maʻi nui a i ʻole ka make.

Pehea e ʻike ai i nā ʻōpala blister?

ʻO ka ʻike pololei ʻana i nā pīkī pohū mai nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano pipi ʻona ʻole e like paha me lākou, e like me ka namu asparagus, he mea nui ia no ka pale ʻana i nā holoholona a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino o nā mea kanu.

Aia ma kahi o 250 mau ʻano o nā pipi blister, nā lālā o ka ʻohana meloids, puunaueia ma Amerika Huipuia. Loaʻa nā ʻano pipi like ʻole ma ka Hikina, Hema, a me Midwest.

Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā mauʻu o ke Komohana a me ke komohana hema, a me nā kīhāpai ma kahakai o ka Pākīpika.

ʻOkoʻa ka nui a me ka waihoʻoluʻu o nā pīkī poʻo makua. ʻO ka hapa nui he ʻīniha a me ka hapa a i hoʻokahi ʻīniha ka lōʻihi, me nā kino palupalu lōʻihi a me ke poʻo ākea me nā antennae e hana i ka hapakolu o ka lōʻihi o ke kino.

ʻO ka prothorax ma waena o ke poʻo a me ke kino he haiki a ua like me ka ʻāʻī. He palupalu nā ʻēheu a maʻalahi, lōʻihi nā wāwae.

Hiki i ke kala ke ʻālohilohi a ʻano like ʻole, ʻoniʻoni a pālahalaha paha. ʻO nā pīkī blister banded he mau aka hina a ʻeleʻele me nā kaha melemele e holo ana ma nā uhi ʻēheu. ʻO ka lehu hina blister beetle he hina loa.

ʻO ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele loa. He ʻeleʻele ka ʻaoʻao o ka pīkī me ka ʻeleʻele hina i ka ʻula ma ka lihi o kēlā me kēia ʻēheu.

He mau hiʻohiʻona ko ke Kulanui o Illinois Department of Plant Sciences o kēia mau ʻano maʻamau ʻehā (e ʻike i ka pili pono ʻana o ko lākou mau ʻēheu). Eia ka papa inoa o nā pīkoi blister like ʻole i loaʻa ma Florida i hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Biology a me ke kaʻina ola

Hoʻomaka ka poʻe mākua e hoʻomoe i nā pūpū hua i waena o ka pūnāwai a hoʻomau i ka waiho ʻana no ka hapa nui o ke kau. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i hoʻokahi a ʻelua haneli mau hua, ʻaʻole i lalo o ka millimeters ka laulā a hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha millimeters ka lōʻihi, ma lalo pono o ka ʻili lepo. Hāpai nā hua i loko o ʻelua pule a i ʻole.

He lōʻihi nā wāwae keʻokeʻo e puka mai ana, a lākou e hoʻohana ai no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻūhini hua manu e ʻai ai. Hoʻopili kekahi poʻe iā lākou iho i ka nalo meli a kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā lice bee.

ʻAi lākou i nā hua manu a mālama i ka meaʻai i loko o ka pūnana nalo, e hele ana i kekahi mau hanana hou o ka ulu ʻana: mai ka larva a i ka larva legless.

Ke hoʻopau ʻia ka pae pupal, hāʻule ke kanaka makua e puka mai ana i ka lepo ma hope o ʻumi lā a hoʻomaka e ʻai i nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia.

Hele nā ​​mākua i nā pua e ʻai i ka nectar, pollen, a i kekahi manawa ʻo ka pua holoʻokoʻa. ʻAi nō kekahi ʻano ʻano pipi ʻōpuʻu i nā lau.

ʻO nā larvae, hiki i ka pae pupal i ka hāʻule, hiki ke hoʻoilo pololei ma lalo o ka lepo.

Noho lākou a hiki i ʻekolu mahina. Hiki i nā wahine ke hana i nā pūʻulu hua he nui i ko lākou ola.

Pehea ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā pipi blister i nā holoholona?

ʻO nā hopena ʻawaʻawa o nā pipi ʻōhū ma luna o nā holoholona, ​​i ʻike ʻia ʻo cantharidin toxicosis, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui loa a nā pīkoʻa blister.

Hiki i ka heluna nui o nā pīkī pohū a me nā mea ʻawaʻawa o ka cantharidin i loko o ka mauʻu alfalfa hiki ke lilo i mea pōʻino koʻikoʻi i ke olakino i nā lio, nā pipi a me nā hipa, ʻoi loa ke ʻai ʻia me ka nui.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka cantharidin kahi pūhui paʻa loa e noho ʻona i nā holoholona ʻoiai ke hānai ʻia nā koena maloʻo o nā pipi i pepehi ʻia i ka wā o ka ʻohi ʻana.

Hiki ke hōʻino ʻia ke kūʻai ʻana a i ʻole ka hānai ʻana i ka maʻi o ka alfalfa a me nā mauʻu ʻē aʻe.

Pono nā mea hana holoholona a me nā mea hānai e mālama i nā mea āpau e nānā a pale i nā maʻi. Hiki i nā pīkī ke hui pū i ka wā e hānai ai, e hoʻonui ana i ka hiki ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau bale mauʻu i loko o nā pūpū o nā inike.

Pono ʻoe e makaʻala i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu. E ʻike inā he pilikia paha ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka namu blister ma kou wahi a nānā pono i kāu mea e kūʻai ai.

Pehea ka pōʻino o nā pīkoi popopo no nā lio?

ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā lio i ka ʻawaʻawa ʻana o ka pipi. Hiki ke ʻeha loa ka ʻāpana hoʻoheheʻe o ka lio, e alakaʻi ana i nā maʻi lua a me ke koko.

ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, i mea e loaʻa ai ka maʻi, ʻaʻole pono e ale i kahi pipi, ʻoiai ʻo ka mauʻu i haumia me ka wai o ke kino o nā pipi i ʻoki ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke emi iki ka pōʻino.

Hoʻohaʻahaʻa kēia mea hana i nā pae calcium i loko o ke koko a hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi, ka ʻōpū, a me ka ʻāpana mimi.

Hiki i nā lio i mālama ʻia me ka cantharidin ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka colic, e like me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka drooling, ka maʻi maʻi, nā feces koko, ka hou, dehydration, convulsions, a me ka mimi pinepine.

Hiki i nā holoholona ke make i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i loko o 72 mau hola, no laila he mea nui e kelepona i kāu kauka lapaʻau i kou manaʻo.

ʻO ka maʻi make ke kumu o ke kuni, ke kaumaha, ka haʻalulu a me ka make.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hopena e pili ana i ka nui o ka cantharidin i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a me ka nui a me ke olakino o ka holoholona a hiki ke loaʻa mai ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i ka emi ʻana o ka hana digestive a me ka make.

ʻOkoʻa ka manaʻo o ka cantharidin i loko o nā pipi ma muli o ke ʻano. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke komo i ka cantharidin he 50 mau manawa ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā lio i ko lākou naʻau i ka cantharidin.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia ka ʻona o ka cantharidin i nā lio, ʻo ka nui o ka make i manaʻo ʻia mai ka 0.5 a hiki i ka 1 mg o cantharidin no 2.2 paona o ke kaumaha o ke kino lio.

Pehea ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o nā pīkī blister i nā mea kanu?

ʻAi ʻia nā pīkī blister ma kahi kokoke i nā lau e ulu ana i kāu māla. Loaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā tōmato, ʻuala, eggplants, pepa a me nā mea kanu nightshade ʻē aʻe, a me nā lau lau.

I ke kau waena a i ka hopena o ke kauwela hiki iā lākou ke hōʻea i nā ʻohana, me he mea lā i ka pō, a ma muli o ko lākou nui e hōʻeha nui ai i ka manawa pōkole.

Hoʻopilikia hoʻi nā ʻūhini blister i nā ʻūhini, kekahi o nā mea ʻino loa o nā mahiʻai a me nā māla. Hoʻohana ʻia nā wāwae ʻūhini hou i paʻi ʻia i ko lākou mau wāwae no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pūʻulu o nā hua ʻūhini a hānai.

Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻōpala blister he mau iniseti maikaʻi, akā ma ka pae larval wale nō. Ke lilo lākou i kanaka makua, ʻo ka pilikia wale nō lākou.

Ka hakakā ʻana i nā pīkoi pohū

Inā manaʻo ʻoe he maʻi pehu a makemake ʻoe e hana i nā mea e pono ai e pale aku, eia nā mea 12 hiki iā ʻoe ke hana e hoʻomalu pono i ka pehu:

E nānā pinepine

ʻO ka nānā pinepine a me ka noʻonoʻo pono o nā kīhāpai home hiki ke hele lōʻihi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pōʻino nalo. Ke piʻi mālie nei kā lākou helu i nā mahina mua o ka wā ulu, a hiki i kahi māla mālama ke pale iā lākou mai ka pōʻino nui.

Wehe koke iā lākou ke ʻike ʻoe iā lākou

I ka mahina o Iulai, hikiwawe ke hoʻopiha ʻia ka māla e nā pūʻulu o nā ʻōpala lau. Hana maʻamau lākou i nā hui nui, hui ʻia ma nā kihi o nā moena ʻuala a me nā lālani letus.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e wehe i ka nui o nā namu a me nā mea kanu a lākou e hōʻino ai i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai a ma mua o ka laha ʻana.

Ke hoʻokumu ʻia lākou, ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau loa ʻia, ʻoiai inā hoʻohana ʻia nā kemika a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻawaʻawa ʻē aʻe.

ʻOhi lima me nā mīkina lima

Hiki ke hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻohi lima ma nā kīhāpai home, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o lākou. Akā, mai hoʻopā aku i nā pīkī blister me kou mau lima ʻole. E komo mau i nā mīkina lima.

E holoi i nā ʻōpala mai nā mea kanu i loko o kahi pahu liʻiliʻi o ka wai kopa.

Inā hoʻoluliluli ʻoe iā lākou mai nā mea kanu, e moe pinepine ka naʻau i ka lepo a pāʻani i ka possum ma mua o ka holo ʻana. E hoʻohana pono a hōʻiliʻili pono iā lākou.

Māhele honua diatomaceous

E ho'ēmi i ka nui a me ka helu o ka pipi ma o ka hohola ʻana i ka honua diatomaceous a puni nā mea kanu e make ana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana ia mea ma ke ʻano he pale i nā moena hoʻokiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā ​​wahi liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka lime mai nā pūpū ʻoyster ma ke ʻano he pale, akā ʻaʻole ia he mea hoʻopuʻi pipi maikaʻi a hana mua ma ke ʻano he pale. (He mea pono kēia no ka mālama ʻana i ka pH lepo kūpono.)

E ʻoki i ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu

Hoʻopuka pinepine ʻia nā maʻi pīkī blister a puni nā kihi o nā kīhāpai a i ʻole i nā mea kanu a puni. E ʻoki i ka mauʻu, nā mauʻu a me nā mea ulu ʻē aʻe a puni nā kihi o kāu māla e wehe i nā wahi e hoʻomaka ai lākou e ulu.

E hoʻohana i nā uhi lālani

Hiki i nā uhi lālani i ho'opili maika'i 'ia ke pale aku i kāu mau mea kanu mai ka ne'e 'ana i nā pīkī ma waena o ke kauwela. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻōki i ka wā kahiko o ka poʻe mākua i hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma ka lepo ma ke ʻano he mau ʻuala hope.

E hoʻohana iā lākou inā ʻike ʻoe i nā pūʻulu pipi (a manaʻo paha iā lākou) i loko a a puni kāu māla i kēia Iulai.

E pale i ka ulu ʻana i kekahi mau mauʻu

puaʻa (ʻO nā ʻano Amaranthus). ʻoluʻolu loa i nā pīkī makua. E hoʻopau loa iā ia mai kou ʻāina. E paipai i kou mau hoalauna e hana like. mauu hao (ʻO Vernonia spp.) a me ka ragweed (ʻO Ambrosia spp.) E kaha no hoi au i na namu.

E paipai i nā manu e kipa

E ʻohi pololei nā manu i nā pīkī pohu mai kāu mea kanu. E paipai iā lākou e hele mai e hānai i kāu māla. E mahalo iā lākou a mai hoʻohana i nā ʻōpala a i ʻole nā ​​mea kemika e hōʻino iā lākou.

E hoʻohana i kahi biopesticides

Inā ʻaʻole kōkua ka ʻohi lima i ka hōʻemi ʻana i kā lākou helu, e hoʻohana i nā ʻōpala i loaʻa iā Spinosad, kahi biopesticides i helu ʻia e OMRI e pepehi ana ma waena o 24 a me 48 mau kānaka.

Hoʻopau ʻo Spinosad i kāna mau mea inert i loko o ʻelua mau lā a i ʻole ke ʻike ʻia i ka lā, e pale ana i ke komo ʻana i ka wai.

ʻAʻole ia he mea ʻawaʻawa i nā manu a me nā iʻa, akā hiki ke hōʻeha i ka nalo meli ke hoʻohana mua ʻia. E heluhelu i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi e pili ana i ka lepili huahana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manawa.

E hoʻopau i nā ʻūhini

Hoʻokomo nā ʻūhini i nā ʻūhini ʻūhini, ʻai nā ʻūhini i nā hua ʻūhini. E hoʻomalu i nā ʻūhini ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Semaspore Bait a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana hoʻomalu ʻē aʻe.

He mea nui kēia no ka mauʻu i ulu no ka hānai. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻūhini i loko o nā mea kanu forage e hōʻike ana i nā pae mua o ka maʻi blister.

E hoʻomau me ka akahele

ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai hānai a me nā mea hoʻomalu mauʻu, me ka pulupulu ʻana, ke hoʻopau loa i nā iniseti a i ʻole ka hoʻoweliweli a lākou e kau nei. E makaʻala i kāu mau mahinaʻai, ʻoi aku ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻaoʻao, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā pipi.

I ka hana ʻana i ka mauʻu, e hōʻole i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana e like me ka mauʻu mauʻu, hiki ke hōʻoki i nā ʻōpala. Inā ʻike ʻoe i nā pīkī ma kāu mau māla, e waiho i ka mauʻu i ʻoki ʻia no ʻelua lā a ʻoi aku paha e hāʻawi iā lākou i manawa e hoʻolei i ka mauʻu.

ʻO ka ʻoki ʻoki mua ʻana ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā pipi, ʻoi aku ka palekana ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana ma hope o ke kau.

E makaʻala i ke kūʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu

I ke kūʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea hana me ka inoa maikaʻi. ʻO ka nānā pono loa ʻana i nā bale mauʻu a me nā ʻōpala ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i nā pōʻino huna.

E ʻike pono i kāu mahiʻai e hilinaʻi iā ia i ka nīnau ʻana e pili ana i nā hōʻailona o nā pīkī i kāna mau mea kanu. ʻO ka pane maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole.