ʻO wai ka gadfly: kiʻi, wehewehe a me nā hopena o ka hui ʻana me kahi parasite koko
Ua like ka gadfly me ka lele nui; aia ma mua o 170 mau ʻano o kēia mau iniseti ma ka honua. Aia kekahi manaʻo e omo koko nā nalo, akā ʻaʻole nahu nā mākua a ʻaʻole hānai iki. No nā kānaka, ʻo ka nalo ʻili kanaka wale nō e noho ana ma ʻAmelika Waena, he mea pōʻino, ʻo kona mau ʻuala i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. Hoʻopili nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe i nā holoholona.
Nā mea
Ke kumu o ka ʻano a me ka wehewehe ʻana
No ka ʻohana Diptera ka gadfly, he pepeke palapa e hoʻohana ana i nā holoholona no ka hana hou ʻana. He ʻano synanthropic ia, ʻoiai e noho kokoke ana i kahi o kahi e noho ai ke kanaka. Aia i loko o ka ʻohana gadfly ʻehā mau ʻohana:
- nā manu lele ma lalo o ke kino;
- ʻōpū;
- nasopharyngeal;
- lele kanaka.
ʻOkoʻa kēia mau ʻohana a pau i ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana o ka larva i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kino o kēia mau pepeke like, ʻokoʻa i nā kikoʻī liʻiliʻi.
Pehea ke ano o ka gadfly
ʻO ke ola a me ke ʻano o ka nohona
Noho ka gadfly ma nā wahi me kahi ea a mehana paha, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili nui o nā gadflies ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi e kū ai nā holoholona hihiu a me nā holoholona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai, ʻo ia nā wahi wai kokoke i nā kino wai. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka gadfly, hoʻohana ʻia nā wahi like ʻole o ka parasitism. Lele mau nā kāne Gadfly no ka male ʻana i kahi hoʻokahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā wahine.
He nui loa nā wahine, hiki i kekahi ke waiho i 650 mau hua.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka gadfly
Ka hana hou
Hoʻohua nā wahine momona, e pili ana i ke ʻano, he mauʻu paha kēia, he pepeke ʻē aʻe kahi e waiho ai ka wahine i kāna mau hua, a i ʻole he holoholona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kona hulu. Hāʻule nā hua i loko o ke kino o ka holoholona. Haʻalele ka ʻuelo i ke kino o ka holoholona, a neʻe i ka lepo, hoʻopā i laila, a ma hope o kekahi manawa, puka mai kahi ʻinikua makua mai loko mai o ka pupa, mākaukau e male.
Ka pōʻaiapili ola o kahi gadfly
Hele ka gadfly i ʻehā mau ʻanuʻu o ka ulu ʻana: hua manu, larva, pupa, nā iniseti makua. ʻO kēlā me kēia māhele o ka hoʻomohala ʻana e pili ana i ka mahana o ka ea, a ʻo wai ka holoholona nāna e lawe i nā larvae. Ma nā ʻano o nā cavity gadflies ʻaʻohe pae hua manu, hānau nā wahine i nā larvae ola.
Ei
Ua pena keʻokeʻo a melemele paha ka hua, he oval a he cylindrical ke ʻano. I kekahi mau ʻano, he poʻi ko ka hua, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui, e paʻa paʻa i ka lauoho.
Hoʻomoe ka wahine i kāna mau hua ma ka ʻāpana huluhulu o ka ʻili o ka mea i pepehi ʻia a i ʻole ma ka mauʻu. Ma luna o ka holoholona, koho ʻo ia i kahi wahi hulu hipa liʻiliʻi a hoʻopili i nā hua 2-3 i kēlā me kēia lauoho.
Oo lākou mai 3 lā a 3 pule, ʻo nā larvae e ʻike ʻia ma hope o kekahi mau lā e hele i loko o ka holoholona a hoʻomau i ko lākou ulu ʻana.
Gadfly larva
Pupa
Huli mālie ka larva i pupa, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a hiki i 7 lā. I loko o ka pupa, ulu ka inika no 30-45 mau lā. Ua mākaukau koke ka ʻiʻo makua i puka mai i ka pupa no ka male ʻana a me ka hānau ʻana.
ʻO ke ola o Gadfly
I loko o kona ola pōkole, ʻaʻole hānai ka imago, akā hoʻopau i nā mālama i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka pae larval. ua lawa ia mau waihona no 21 lā. I ka wā ua, i ka wā e lele ʻole ai ka gadfly, lawa kona mālama ʻana a hiki i 30 mau lā. I loko o kēia manawa, nalowale ka insect i ka 1/3 o kona nui a make. ʻO ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa mai ka ʻike ʻana o kahi hua manu a hiki i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kanaka makua e hoʻopau ʻia e kahi ʻenekini i 1 makahiki.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā liʻiliʻi a me nā gadflies
Ma waho, ua like ka wai a me nā lio lio, akā ʻokoʻa ka nui a pili i nā ʻano pepeke like ʻole. Akā, ʻokoʻa lākou i ke ʻano o kā lākou hānai ʻana.
| ʻO Gadflies | lele lio |
|---|---|
| ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ka poʻe makua o nā gadflies i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, no ka mea, he hāmama ko lākou waha, a he liʻiliʻi loa ia, a i ko lākou ola ʻana ʻaʻole lākou e ʻai, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike ʻia ka pōʻino e ko lākou mau larva, e ulu ana i loko o ke kino o kahi holoholona a kanaka paha. | ʻAʻole pilikia nā kāne lio i ke kanaka a i ʻole nā holoholona, a ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā wahine, hānai lākou i ka nectar o nā pua, nā mea kanu, a me nā mea huna o nā aphids. Hiki i ka lele lio wahine ke ʻai i ka meaʻai carbohydrate, akā ma hope o ka fertilization, no ka ulu ʻana o nā hua, pono ʻo ia i ka protein, i loaʻa iā ia ma ka hānai ʻana i ke koko. No laila, nahu wale nā wahine lele, ʻeha loa kā lākou nahu. Huli ʻulaʻula ka wahi nahu, pehu, paʻa, piʻi paha ka mahana o ke kino. Hoʻokomo ka wahine i kahi mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ka ʻeha, hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki i kahi maʻi a i ʻole ke kumu o ka haʻalulu anaphylactic. Ma kahi o 10% o nā nahu lio ka hopena i ka make. |
Ma hea kahi e noho ai nā gadflies
Noho kēia mau pepeke ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, koe naʻe nā wahi i emi mau ka mahana ma lalo o ka zero. Ma Rūsia, aia kekahi mau ʻano gadflies ma nā Urals a me Siberia. Akā, ola ka hapa nui o nā gadflies a hānai i nā wahi mahana.
Noho nā ʻano pepeke pōʻino i ke kanaka i ka wela wela.
No ka hana hou, pono nā gadflies i nā holoholona, a noho lākou ma kahi kokoke i ko lākou wahi noho. Makemake nā ʻōpala i ka wela a me ka maʻa, no laila hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o nā kānaka ma kahi kokoke i nā kino wai kahi e hele ai nā holoholona e inu.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā gadflies: kiʻi a me ka wehewehe
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o gadflies i 4 subfamilies, ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ke kino o ka mea i pepehi ʻia.
He aha ka pilikia o ka gadfly larvae no ke kanaka a me nā holoholona
ʻO ka parasitizing i loko o ke kino kanaka, ʻo ka gadfly larva ka mea e hōʻeha nui ai iā ia.
- Ke neʻe nei ma lalo o ka ʻili, hānai ʻia a ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi o ka mumū a me ka suppuration, i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi i ka ʻona.
- ʻO ka pōʻino, ʻo ia nā ʻuolo e komo i loko o ka pōpō maka a i ʻole ka lolo. I nā hihia liʻiliʻi, hiki i ka maʻi kanaka me ka gadfly larvae ke make.
Komo i ke kino o ka holoholona, ʻai ka gadfly larva i nā mea pono mai kona mau ʻiʻo a neʻe a puni ke kino, e pili ana i nā ʻano o loko. Nawaliwali ka holoholona, ma'i, ho'omaka paha ke koko o loko, a hiki i ka make.
Nā ala maʻi
Hiki i nā larvae Gadfly ke komo i ke kino o ke kanaka ma nā ʻano like ʻole:
- inā aia lākou ma luna o kahi pepeke. Ma o ka lua ma hope o kona nahu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke komo ma lalo o ka ʻili a ulu ma laila;
- ʻO nā wahine o ka abdominal gadfly spray larvae ola, hiki ke komo i ka mucous membranes, i loko o nā maka a ulu i laila;
- Hiki i nā hua manu gadfly ke komo i loko o ke kino i ka wā ʻai a i ʻole i kahi ʻeha hāmama;
- hiki iā lākou ke hanu inā loaʻa lākou i ka mucous membrane;
- ina ua hoomoe ka wahine i na hua ma ka ili poo, a komo na eno malalo o ka ili.
Hiki i nā holoholona ke loaʻa i ka maʻi ʻino ma ka ʻai ʻana i ka mauʻu kahi i waiho ʻia ai nā hua. I ka palu ʻana iā lākou mai ka ʻili o nā wāwae, ka ʻāʻī, ke kino, mai nā wahi i waiho ai ka wahine i kāna mau hua. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā holoholona ke pilikia i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka cavity gadfly. Inā komo nā larva i loko o nā ʻōpū hanu o nā hipa, hiki iā lākou ke ulu i ka swirl a i ʻole ka maʻi maʻi, kahi e make ai ka holoholona.
Nā hōʻailona, hopena a me ka mālama ʻana i ka nahu ʻana o ka gadfly
Ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi me ka gadfly larva
I ka hele ʻana i ke kūlohelohe, pono e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i ʻole e lilo i mea pōʻino i nā gadflies e noho ana i nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi mahana, ma hope o nā kānaka:
- ʻAʻole pono e ʻālohilohi nā lole no ka hele ʻana i ke ʻano, no ka mea, ʻaʻole e huki wale nā kala ʻulaʻula i nā gadflies wale nō, akā i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe;
- e pani i ke kino a me nā lima e like me ka hiki me nā lole;
- mai hoʻohana i nā mea ʻala, nā mea ʻala maikaʻi e huki i nā koko koko;
- e mālama i ka lole a me ke kino me ka mea pale a i ʻole nā mea pale;
- Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaila ʻala no ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā pepeke: clove, ʻalani, mint;
- e hoʻolako i kahi ʻōpala a me kahi lua mai kahi hoʻomaha;
- uhi i ke kaʻa pēpē me ka ʻupena kūikawā.
Ka heluna kanaka a me ke kūlana ʻano
Loaʻa nā Gadflies ma nā wahi me kahi ea a me ka mahana a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ko lākou heluna kanaka. He nui loa nā gadflies wahine a he kakaikahi nā ʻenemi maoli. ʻAʻole pili ke kūlana o ke ʻano e ke kūlana kaiaola ma nā wahi noho.
Ma Rūsia, nui nā ʻano gadflies e noho ana ma Siberia, nā Urals a me nā ʻāpana ʻĀkau, kokoke i nā mahiʻai holoholona a me nā wahi ʻai. No ka ho'ēmiʻana i ka nui o nā parasites, mālama nā mea hānai holoholona i nā holoholona a me ko lākou mau wahi e hānai ai a me ka wai. E hoʻokō i nā hana pale e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā iniseti weliweli.
ʻO mua