Ua loaʻa iā mākou 28 mea hoihoi e pili ana i na mea kolo
ʻO nā amniotes mua
ʻO nā mea kolo he hui nui o nā holoholona, ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mau ʻano.
ʻO ka poʻe e noho ana ma ka Honua, ʻo ia nā ʻelele kūpono a kūpaʻa loa o nā holoholona i hoʻomalu i ka Honua ma mua o ka hopena o ka asteroid pōʻino 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Hiki mai nā mea kolo ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me nā honu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā koʻokoʻo predatory nui, nā moʻo waihoʻoluʻu a me nā nahesa. Noho lākou i nā ʻāina āpau koe wale nō ʻo Antarctica, kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke ola o kēia mau mea koko anu.
1
He ʻeono pūʻulu holoholona (nā kauoha a me nā suborders).
ʻO kēia nā honu, nā koʻokoʻo, nā nahesa, nā amphibians, nā moʻo a me nā sphenodontids.
2
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kūpuna mua o nā mea kolo ma ka Honua ma kahi o 312 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO kēia ka manawa Carboniferous hope loa. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen a me carbon dioxide i loko o ka lewa o ka Honua he pālua ka nui. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua iho lākou mai nā holoholona mai ka Reptiliomorpha clade, kahi e noho ana ma nā loko lohi a me nā poho.
3
ʻO nā ʻelele kahiko loa o nā mea kolo ola he sphenodonts.
ʻO nā mōʻalihaku o nā sphenodonts mua i hala i 250 miliona mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka mua ma mua o ke koena o nā mea kolo: nā moʻo (220 miliona), nā crocodiles (201.3 miliona), nā honu (170 miliona) a me nā amphibians (80 miliona).
4
ʻO nā mea ola wale nō o nā sphenodonts ka tuatara. He ʻuʻuku loa ko lākou ʻāina, me kekahi mau mokupuni liʻiliʻi ma Aotearoa.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻelele o nā sphenodonts i kēia lā mai ko lākou mau kūpuna i ola i mau miliona mau makahiki i hala. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o kēia mau mea ola ma mua o nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe; ʻoi aku ka like o ko lākou lolo a me ke ʻano o ka neʻe ʻana me nā amphibians, a ʻoi aku ka mua o ko lākou naʻau ma mua o nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻohe o lākou bronchi, nā māmā lumi hoʻokahi.
5
He holoholona koko anu nā reptile, no laila pono lākou i nā mea o waho e hoʻoponopono ai i ka mahana o ko lākou kino.
Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke mālama i ka mahana ma mua o nā mammals a me nā manu, mālama mau nā reptile i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e pili ana i ka ʻano, mai 24 ° a 35 ° C. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi (no ka laʻana, ʻo Pustyniogwan), no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o ke kino maikaʻi ma mua o nā mammals, mai 35 ° a 40 ° C.
6
Manaʻo ʻia nā mea kolo ma mua o nā manu a me nā mammals. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka encephalization (ka lakio o ka nui o ka lolo i ke koena o ke kino) o kēia mau holoholona he 10% o nā mammals.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou lolo e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino ma mua o nā mammals. Eia naʻe, aia nā ʻokoʻa i kēia lula. He nui ka lolo o ka Crocodiles i ko lākou kino nui a hiki iā lākou ke hana like me nā mea ʻē aʻe o kā lākou ʻano i ka wā e hopu ai.
7
Ua maloʻo ka ʻili o nā mea kolo a, ʻaʻole like me nā amphibians, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi kinoea.
Hoʻokumu i kahi pale pale e kaupalena ana i ka puka ʻana o ka wai mai ke kino. Hiki ke uhi ʻia ka ʻili reptile me nā ʻōpala, nā ʻōpala, a i ʻole nā unahi. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka ʻili reptile e like me ka ʻili mammalian ma muli o ka nele o nā dermis mānoanoa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka dragon Komodo ke hana. Ma nā haʻawina o ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā mazes, ua ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā honu lāʻau iā lākou ma mua o ka ʻiole.
8
I ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kolo, pono lākou e molt e hoʻonui i ka nui.
Hoʻokahe loa ka ʻili o ka nahesa, hoʻokahe ka ʻili o ka moʻo i nā kiko, a i loko o ke koʻokoʻa, ʻili ka epidermis ma nā wahi a ulu hou ma kēia wahi. ʻO nā mea kolo ʻōpiopio e ulu wikiwiki e hoʻoheheʻe i kēlā me kēia 5-6 pule, ʻoiai nā mea kolo kahiko e hoʻoheheʻe 3-4 mau manawa i ka makahiki. Ke hiki lākou i ko lākou nui loa, e hoʻolohi nui ke kaʻina hana molting.
9
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo he lā.
Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano koko anu, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻoikaika ai ka holoholona ke piʻi ka wela mai ka Lā i ka honua.
10
Hoʻomohala maikaʻi loa ko lākou ʻike.
Mahalo i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā, hiki i nā maka reptile ke ʻike i nā kala a ʻike i ka hohonu. Loaʻa i ko lākou mau maka ka nui o nā cones no ka ʻike kala a me kahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā koʻokoʻo no ka ʻike pō monochromatic. No kēia kumu, he mea liʻiliʻi iā lākou ka ʻike pō o nā mea kolo.
11
Aia kekahi mau mea kolo e hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻike i ka ʻole.
ʻO kēia nā nahesa no ka suborder Scolecophidia, nona nā maka i hoʻemi ʻia i ka wā evolution a aia ma lalo o nā unahi e uhi ana i ke poʻo. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻelele o kēia mau nahesa e alakaʻi i kahi nohona ma lalo o ka honua, ʻo kekahi e hana hou e like me hermaphrodites.
12
ʻO nā lepidosaurs, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā sphenodonts, a me nā squamates (na nahesa, amphibians a me nā moʻo) ʻekolu maka.
Ua kapa ʻia kēia okana ma ka ʻepekema ʻo ka maka parietal. Aia ia ma ka lua ma waena o nā iwi parietal. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka mālamalama e pili ana me ka pineal gland, nona ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana o ka melatonin (hormone hiamoe) a komo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pōʻai circadian a me ka hana ʻana o nā hormones e pono ai e mālama a hoʻopaʻa i ka mahana o ke kino.
13
I loko o nā mea kolo a pau, wehe ka ʻāpana genitourinary a me ka anus i loko o kahi okana i kapa ʻia ʻo cloaca.
Hoʻokuʻu ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo i ka waika uric; ʻo nā kuhukukū wale nō, e like me nā mammals, e hoʻokuʻu i ka urea i kā lākou mimi. ʻO ka honu wale nō a me ka hapa nui o nā moʻo i loaʻa ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻole loaʻa i nā moʻo wāwae ʻole e like me ka ʻuolo a me ka moʻo nānā.
14
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo he lihilihi, ʻo ke kolu o ka lihilihi e hoʻomalu i ka pōpō maka.
Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i kekahi mau squamates (ka nui o nā geckos, platypuses, noctules a me nā nahesa) he mau unahi ʻalohilohi ma mua o nā unahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana mai ka pōʻino. Ua kū mai kēlā mau unahi i ka wā evolution mai ka hui ʻana o ka ʻili o luna a me lalo, a no laila aia i loko o nā mea ola ʻole.
15
He ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe ka ʻōpū o ka honu.
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi lākou o ke kino; no ka laʻana, hiki i ka ʻōpū o ka honu Elepani ke piʻi i ka 20% o ke kaumaha o ka holoholona.
16
Hoʻohana nā mea kolo a pau i ko lākou māmā no ka hanu ʻana.
ʻO nā mea kolo e like me nā manu kuhukukū, hiki ke luʻu i kahi lōʻihi, pono e hele mai i luna i kēlā me kēia manawa e loaʻa i ka ea hou.
17
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nahesa hoʻokahi wale nō māmā e hana ana, ʻo ia ka mea ʻākau.
I kekahi mau nahesa, ua emi a i ole ia ka hema.
18
ʻAʻohe palale ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo.
'O ia ho'i, pono lākou e ho'opa'a i ko lākou hanu i ka wā e moni ai i ka mea 'ai. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nā crocodiles a me nā ʻili, i hoʻomohala i ka palate lua. I loko o nā crocodiles, loaʻa iā ia kahi hana pale hou no ka lolo, hiki ke hōʻino ʻia e ka mea pio e pale ana iā ia iho mai ka ʻai ʻia ʻana.
19
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo e hoʻohua i ka moekolohe a he oviparous.
Aia kekahi ʻano ovoviviparous - ka nui o nā nahesa. Ma kahi o 20% o nā nahesa he ovoviviparous; ʻo kekahi mau moʻo, me ka ilo lohi, hana hou ma kēia ʻano. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ka puʻupaʻa i nā pueo pō, nā chameleons, agamids a me nā senetids.
20
Hoʻomoe ka hapa nui o nā mea kolo i nā hua i uhi ʻia me ka ʻili ʻili a i ʻole ka calcareous shell. Hoʻohua nā mea kolo a pau ma ka ʻāina, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā wahi kai, e like me nā honu.
ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pono o nā mākua a me nā embryos e hanu i ka ea lewa, ʻaʻole lawa i lalo o ka wai. Hoʻololi ʻia ke kinoea ma waena o loko o ka hua a me kona kaiapuni ma o ka chorion, ka membrane serous waho e uhi ana i ka hua.
21
ʻO ka ʻelele mua o "nā mea kolo maoli" ʻo ia ka moʻo Hylonomus lyelli.
Ua ola ʻo ia ma kahi o 312 miliona mau makahiki i hala, he 20-25 cm ka lōʻihi a ua like ia me nā moʻo hou. Ma muli o ka lawa ʻole o nā mea mōʻalihaku kūpono, aia nō ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā pono e helu ʻia kēia holoholona ma ke ʻano he mea kolo a he amphibian paha.
22
ʻO ka mea kolo nui loa e ola ana ʻo ia ka crocodile wai paʻakai.
ʻO nā kāne o kēia mau pilikua predatory hiki ke lōʻihi ma mua o 6,3 m a ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o 1300 kg. He hapalua ka nui o ka wahine, akā hoʻoweliweli mau lākou i ke kanaka. Noho lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ʻAsia a me ʻAustralasia, kahi e noho ai lākou i nā ʻauwai paʻakai paʻakai a me nā kahawai kahawai.
23
ʻO ka mea kolo liʻiliʻi e ola ana ʻo ia ka chameleon Brookesia nana.
Kapa ʻia ʻo ia he nanochameleon a hiki i ka 29 mm ka lōʻihi (i nā wahine) a me 22 mm (i nā kāne). He hopena ia a noho i nā ululāʻau o ka ʻākau o Madagascar. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano i ka makahiki 2012 e ka herpetologist Kelemania ʻo Frank Rainer Glo.
24
He ʻuʻuku nā mea kolo o kēia lā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kolo o nā au i hala. ʻO ka dinosaur sauropod nui loa i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā, ʻo Patagotitan mayorum, he 37 mika ka lōʻihi.
Hiki i kēia pilikua ke kaumaha mai 55 a hiki i 69 tons. Ua loaʻa ka mea i loaʻa ma ka pōhaku ʻo Cerro Barcino ma Argentina. I kēia manawa, ua loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku o 6 mau ʻelele o kēia ʻano, i make ma kēia wahi ma kahi o 101,5 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
25
ʻO ka nahesa lōʻihi loa i ʻike ʻia e nā kānaka, he ʻelele ia o Python sebae, e noho ana ma ka hema a me ka hikina o ʻApelika.
ʻOiai hiki i nā lālā o kēia ʻano i ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 6 mika, ua pana ka mea paʻa moʻolelo ma ke kula ma Bingerville, Ivory Coast, West Africa, he 9,81 mika ka lōʻihi.
26
Wahi a WHO, ma waena o 1.8 a me 2.7 miliona mau kānaka i nahu ʻia e nā nahesa i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka hopena, ma waena o 80 a me 140 ka poʻe i make, a ʻekolu manawa ka nui o ka poʻe i ʻoki ʻia ko lākou mau lālā ma hope o ka nahu ʻia.
27
He ʻāina kameleona ʻo Madagaskar.
I kēia manawa, ua wehewehe ʻia he 202 ʻano o kēia mau mea kolo a ma kahi o ka hapalua o lākou e noho nei ma kēia mokupuni. Noho nā mea i koe i ʻApelika, hema ʻEulopa, ʻĀsia hema a hiki i Sri Lanka. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā Chameleons i Hawaii, Kaleponi a me Florida.
28
Hoʻokahi wale nō moʻo ma ka honua e alakaʻi i ka nohona kai. He iguana kai kēia.
He ʻano ʻano hopena kēia i loaʻa ma nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos. Hoʻomaha ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o ka lā ma nā pōhaku kahakai a hele i ka wai e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka ʻai a ka iguana moana he ʻulaʻula a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo liʻiliʻi.
