Ua loaʻa iā mākou 28 ʻike hoihoi e pili ana i nā ʻāwīwī
ʻO kekahi o nā mea ola mua i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kūpuna mua o kēia manawa ma ka Honua ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki i hala. No nā meaola kai o ka subtype chelicerae. ʻO Attercopus fimbriunguis ka kūpuna kahiko loa o nā ʻāwīwī hou i loaʻa ma ka moʻolelo mōʻalihaku, he 380 miliona mau makahiki.
1
He arthropods ka spiders.
ʻO kēia nā invertebrates i māhele ʻia ko lākou kino i ʻāpana a he iwi waho kona. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā spiders ma ke ʻano he arachnids, aia ma kahi o 112 mau ʻano holoholona.
2
Ua hōʻike ʻia ma mua o 49800 mau ʻano spider, i māhele ʻia i 129 ʻohana.
ʻAʻole i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ka māhele, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ma mua o 1900 mau ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole o kēia mau holoholona i ʻike ʻia mai ka makahiki 20.
3
ʻElua mau ʻāpana (tagmas) ke kino o nā spiders.
ʻO kēia ka cephalothorax a me ka ʻōpū, i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi kolamu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao mua o ka cephalothorax aia nā chelicerae, ma hope o lākou he pedipalps. Hahai ia lakou e na wawae hele. Aia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū nā ʻōpū e like me ka puʻuwai, ka ʻōpū, ka ʻōnaehana hānau, ka pulupulu a me nā spiracles.
4
ʻOkoʻa loa ka nui o nā spider ma muli o ke ʻano.
ʻAno liʻiliʻi loa Pato Digua kanaka maoli i Kolombia, nona ka lōʻihi o ke kino ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 0,37 mm. ʻO nā pūnawele nui loa he mau tarantula, hiki ke piʻi i ka 90 mm ka lōʻihi a me ka wāwae wāwae a hiki i 25 cm.
5
Ulu nā wāwae a pau mai ka cephalothorax. ʻElima mau paʻa o nā spiders.
He mau pedipalps kēia a me ʻehā mau wāwae hele wāwae.
6
Inā loaʻa kekahi ʻōpuʻu ma ka ʻōpū o ka spider, he ʻili silika kēia.
Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e wili i ke kaula silika, kahi e hana ai nā pūwelewele i kā lākou pūnaewele. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻeono mau ʻeke silika i ka spider, akā aia nā ʻano me hoʻokahi, ʻelua, ʻehā a ʻewalu wale nō. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻupena silika no ka hana ʻana i nā pūnaewele wale nō, akā no ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka sperm, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā niu no nā hua manu, ʻōwili i nā mea pio, a me ka hana ʻana i nā baluna/parachutes i hiki iā lākou ke lele.
7
ʻO kēlā me kēia wāwae perineal he ʻehiku ʻāpana (e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kino, ʻo ia kēia: coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus a me tarsus).
Hoʻopau ka wāwae i nā maiuu, ʻokoʻa ka helu a me ka lōʻihi ma muli o ke ʻano o ka spider. ʻEkolu mau māuʻu o nā pūnawelewele e wili i ka pūnaewele, a ʻo nā māʻiʻuʻu e ʻimi ikaika nei he ʻelua.
8
He ʻelua a ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻo Chelicerae.
Hoʻopau lākou i nā niho, kahi e haehae ai ka spider i ke kino o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia a pale pū iā ia iho. I loko o nā ʻano he nui, hoʻopau lākou me ka waha o nā ʻawaʻawa.
9
ʻEono ʻāpana nā pedipalps.
Loaʻa iā lākou kahi māhele metatarsus. I nā kāne, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāpana hope (tarsus) no ka hana hou ʻana, a hoʻololi ʻia ka mua (coxa) i nā kāne ʻelua i mea e maʻalahi ai ka ʻai ʻana o ka spider.
10
He ʻewalu mau maka i hoʻolako ʻia me nā lens. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia iā lākou mai nā iniseti, nona nā maka hui. ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa ka ʻike o ka hapa nui o nā spiders.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka lula, no ka mea, aia nā ʻohana spider me ʻeono (Haplogynae), ʻehā (Tetablemma) a ʻelua paha (Caponiidae). He mau ʻano pūʻali koa ʻaʻohe maka. ʻOi aku ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kekahi mau maka ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe a lawelawe i nā kumu like ʻole, no ka laʻana, hiki i nā maka mua o nā nalu lele ke hiki ke ʻike kala.
11
No ka loaʻa ʻole o nā antennae i ka spider, ua lawe ko lākou mau wāwae i kā lākou kuleana.
Hiki i nā bristles e uhi ana iā lākou ke hopu i nā kani, nā ʻala, nā haʻalulu a me nā neʻe ʻana o ka ea.
12
Hoʻohana kekahi mau spiders i nā haʻalulu kaiapuni e ʻimi ai i ka mea pio.
He mea kaulana loa kēia ma waena o nā pūwelewele wili. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano ke ʻimi i ka mea pio ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā loli o ke kaomi ea.
13
Loaʻa i nā maka o nā spider Deinopis nā waiwai kupaianaha e nā maʻamau o nā spiders. I kēia manawa, ua wehewehe ʻia he 51 mau ʻano o kēia mau spider.
Hoʻonui ʻia ko lākou mau maka waena a kuhikuhi pololei i mua. Hoʻolako ʻia me nā lens kiʻekiʻe, uhi lākou i kahi ākea ākea nui a hōʻiliʻili i nā kukui ʻoi aʻe ma mua o nā maka o nā pueo a me nā pōpoki. ʻO kēia hiki ke kumu no ka nele o kahi membrane reflective. ʻAʻole mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka maka a ua pōʻino nui i kēlā me kēia kakahiaka, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna mau mea hoʻoponopono hou a hiki ke hoʻōla koke.
ʻAʻohe pepeiao o kēia mau spider a hoʻohana i ka lauoho ma ko lākou mau wāwae e "hoʻolohe" no ka mea pio. No laila, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i nā kani i loko o ka radius o ʻelua mika.
14
Hāmama ko lākou ʻōnaehana holo.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau aʻa, akā ʻo ka hemolymph (ʻo ia ka mea e like me ke koko) e pahū ʻia ma o nā aʻa i loko o nā lua kino (hemoceles) e hoʻopuni ana i nā ʻōpū o loko. Ma laila, hoʻololi ke kinoea a me nā meaʻai ma waena o ka hemolymph a me ke kino.
15
Hanu nā māwae ma ka māmā a i ʻole nā paipu makani.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pulmonary tracheae mai nā wāwae o nā arachnids aquatic. ʻO ka trachea, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻōpuʻu i loko o nā paia o nā kino o ka spider. Hoʻopiha ʻia lākou me ka hemolymph, i hoʻohana ʻia e lawe i ka oxygen a hana i kahi hana pale.
16
He poʻe ʻaihue nā spiders.
ʻAi ka hapa nui o lākou i ka ʻiʻo wale nō, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻano (Bagheera kiplingi) nona ka ʻai he 90% mea kanu. ʻAi nā ʻōpiopio o kekahi mau ʻano spider i ka nectar mea kanu. Aia kekahi mau pūnawele kino e hānai nui ana i nā arthropods make.
17
ʻAneʻane ʻaneʻi nā ʻāwīwī a pau.
ʻOiai ka nui o lākou, he liʻiliʻi wale nō nā ʻano mea e hoʻoweliweli i ke kanaka. He mau pūnanawele hoʻi ʻaʻole loaʻa nā ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā spider mai ka ʻohana Uloborides.
18
Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hana no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa o kekahi mau spiders e hana i kahi pesticide kaiapuni.
Hiki i ia mea make ke pale i nā mea kanu mai nā pepeke ʻino me ka hoʻohaumia ʻole i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe.
19
Hana ʻia ka digestion ma waho a ma loko. ʻAi wale lākou i ka meaʻai wai.
ʻO ka mua, hoʻokomo ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ke kino o ka mea pio, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai i nā ʻiʻo o ka mea pio, a ʻo ka pae hou o ka hoʻoemi ʻana ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana o ka spider i kēia mau ʻiʻo i loko o ka ʻōnaehana digestive.
20
I mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka nele o nā polokina, ʻai nā spiders i nā pūnaewele a lākou i ulana ai.
Mahalo i kēia, hiki iā lākou ke ulana i kahi mea hou, hou me ka pono ʻole o ka hahai holoholona, ke kūpono ʻole ka pūnaewele kahiko no kēia kumu. ʻO kahi laʻana maikaʻi o ka hana hou ʻana i waena o nā holoholona. Hana ʻia kekahi ʻano like i ka ʻōpae, ka mea e ʻai i ko lākou pūpū i ka wā molting.
21
ʻAʻole hiki i nā punawelewele ke nahu i kā lākou mea pio.
ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he mau ʻuʻu ma ko lākou waha e hiki ai iā lākou ke inu i ka ʻiʻo i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
22
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana excretory o nā ʻāwīwī ʻo ia ka ʻili ileal a me nā tubules Malpighian.
Lawe lākou i nā metabolites ʻino mai ka hemolymph a hoʻouna iā lākou i ka cloaca, kahi e puka ai lākou ma ka anus.
23
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā spiders e hoʻohua i ka moekolohe. ʻAʻole hoʻokomo ʻia ka Sperm i loko o ke kino o ka wahine ma o nā ʻōpū, akā mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu kūikawā aia ma nā pedipalps.
Ma hope wale nō o ka hoʻopiha ʻia ʻana o kēia mau ipu i ka sperm, hele ke kāne e ʻimi i ka hoa. I ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana, komo lākou i loko o ka ʻōpū o waho o ka wahine, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka epiginum, kahi e ulu ai ka fertilization. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i ka makahiki 1678 e Martin Lister, he kauka Pelekania a he kanaka kūlohelohe.
24
Hiki i nā nalu wahine ke hoʻomoe i 3000 mau hua.
Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia lākou i loko o nā niu silika e mālama i ka haʻahaʻa kūpono. Ke hele nei nā ʻōhua spider i ka metamorphosis i ka wā e noho ana i loko o nā niu a haʻalele iā lākou ke hiki i kahi ʻano kino oʻo.
25
Ua hoʻomohala nā kāne o kekahi mau ʻano spider i ka hiki ke hoʻokani i kahi hula male hoʻohiwahiwa.
ʻO kēia hiʻohiʻona kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka lele lele, maikaʻi loa ka ʻike. Inā hōʻoiaʻiʻo ka hula i ka wahine, hiki i ka fertilization, inā ʻaʻole pono ke kāne e ʻimi i kahi hoa ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole koi i ka neʻe ʻana o nā pōpoki akamai.
26
Loaʻa ka heluna nui o nā spiders i ka cannibalism e pili ana i ka hana hoʻohua.
ʻO ka pinepine, lilo ke kāne i ka wahine, maʻamau i ka wā a i ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana. Kakaʻikahi loa nā hihia i ka ʻai ʻana o ke kāne i ka wahine. Aia kekahi mau ʻano a hiki i ka ⅔ o nā hihia i ʻai ʻia ke kāne e ka wahine. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻia nā kuleana o nā kolo wai (ʻO Argyronethia wai), kahi e ʻai pinepine ai nā kāne i nā wahine liʻiliʻi a hui pū me nā wahine nui. I nā nalu Allocosa brasiliensis ʻai nā kāne i nā wahine ʻelemakule, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ko lākou hānau ʻana e like me nā ʻōpio.
27
Hiki nō hoʻi ka cannibalism i nā pūnawelewele hou.
Hoʻopau lākou i nā kaikunāne nāwaliwali loa, no laila e loaʻa ai ka lanakila ma luna o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe a hāʻawi iā lākou iho i kahi manawa kūpono e hiki ai i ke kanaka makua.
28
He ʻoi aku ka ʻino o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio ma mua o ka poʻe mākua, a mai kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻomohala he kūpono kēia.
ʻO ka pūnāwelewele e ʻai ana i ka meaʻai e ulu nui aʻe ma ke ʻano he kanaka makua. No laila, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo ʻoi aku ka nui o ka spider a mākou e hālāwai ai (e pili ana i nā ʻelele o kona ʻano), ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
