Ua loaʻa iā mākou 17 mea hoihoi e pili ana i na pepeke
ʻO ka hui nui o nā holoholona
Nui ka ʻokoʻa o nā pepeke. Aia kekahi poʻe i hōʻike ʻia ka nui ma nā micrometers, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kino ma mua o ko ka ʻīlio a me ka pōpoki. No ka mea ʻo lākou kekahi o nā holoholona mua i ola, ua hoʻololi lākou e noho ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau. Ua hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia nā miliona mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana iā lākou i kaʻana like ʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona anatomical.
1
ʻO nā inike he mau mea ʻokoʻa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he arthropods.
ʻO lākou ka pūʻulu holoholona nui loa ma ka honua a hiki i ka 90% o kēia aupuni. ʻOi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa, a aia paha he 5 a 30 miliona mau ʻano i wehewehe ʻole ʻia i koe.
2
Loaʻa iā lākou kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona anatomical maʻamau e maʻalahi lākou e ʻike.
ʻEkolu mau ʻāpana ke kino o kēlā me kēia pepeke: ke poʻo, ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū. Ua uhi ʻia ko lākou kino me ke kapa kila chitinous. Holo lākou me ʻekolu mau wāwae, he mau maka hui pū ʻia a me hoʻokahi mau antennae.
3
He 400 miliona makahiki ka nui o nā mōʻalihaku pepeke kahiko.
ʻO ka pua nui loa o ka ʻokoʻa o nā pepeke i loaʻa i ka Permian (299-252 miliona mau makahiki i hala). ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua pau ka hapa nui o nā ʻano i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o Permian, ʻo ia ka luku nui loa i hiki mai ma ka Honua. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu maoli o ka luku ʻia ʻana, akā ua ʻike ʻia aia ma waena o 60 a 48 mau makahiki. He hana ʻino loa ia.
4
Ua ulu aʻe nā pepeke i ola i ka hopena o ka pau ʻana o Permian i ka Triassic (252–201 miliona mau makahiki i hala).
Aia i loko o ka Triassic i ala mai ai nā kauoha ola a pau o nā pepeke. Ua ulu mua nā ʻohana o nā inike i kēia lā i ka wā Jurassic (201 - 145 miliona mau makahiki i hala). I ka huli ʻana, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻelele o ka genera o nā iniseti hou i ka wā o ka pau ʻana o nā dinosaurs 66 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Nui nā ʻiniko mai kēia wā i mālama pono ʻia i ka amber.
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Noho lākou i nā ʻano kaiapuni.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻōpala ma ka wai, ma ka ʻāina a ma ka lewa. Noho kekahi i loko o ka feces, carrion a me ka lāʻau.
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ʻOkoʻa loa ka nui o nā iniseti: mai ka liʻiliʻi o 2 mm a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua mika.
ʻO ka mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo me ka nui o 62,4 cm he ʻelele o nā phasmids. Hiki ke mahalo ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Kina ma Chengdu. ʻO Phasmids kekahi o nā pepeke nui loa ma ka Honua. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ʻo ka dragonfly parasitic. ʻO Dicopomorpha echmepterygians, nā wahine (a ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o ka hapalua o ka nui o nā kāne) he 550 microns (0,55 mm).
7
ʻO ka nui o nā pepeke ola e like me ka "pololei" iā mākou. Inā mākou e hoʻi i ka manawa ma kahi o 285 miliona mau makahiki, e haʻalulu paha mākou.
I kēlā manawa, ua noho ʻia ka Honua e nā ʻiʻo like me ka dragonfly nui, ʻo ka nui loa ʻO Meganeuropsis permian. He 71 knm ka laula eheu o keia pepeke a he 43 knm ka lō'ihi o ke kino. Hiki ke mahalo 'ia ka moolelo kahiko ma ka Hale Hō'ike'ike o Comparative Zoology ma ke Kulanui o Harvard.
8
Hanu nā ʻōpala me ka tracheas, kahi e hoʻolako ʻia ai ka ea ma o nā spiracles.
ʻO Tracheas nā ʻōpuʻu i loko o nā paia o ke kino o ka pepeke, a laila lālā ia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana o nā paipu i loko o ke kino. Aia ma nā wēlau o kēia mau paipu he mau tracheoles piha i ka wai kahi e hoʻololi ai ke kinoea.
9
He mau maka huipu ko na pepeke a pau, aka, he mau maka maalahi ko kekahi.
Hiki ke kiʻekiʻe o 3 o lākou, a ʻo kēia nā maka, nā ʻāpana hiki ke ʻike i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, akā hiki ʻole ke hoʻolālā i kahi kiʻi.
10
Wehe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kaʻapuni o nā pepeke.
ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau aʻa, akā ʻo ka hemolymph (ʻo ia ka mea e like me ke koko) e pahū ʻia ma o nā aʻa i loko o nā lua kino (hemoceles) e hoʻopuni ana i nā ʻōpū o loko. Ma laila, hoʻololi ke kinoea a me nā meaʻai ma waena o ka hemolymph a me ke kino.
11
Hoʻohānau ka hapa nui o nā pepeke ma ka moe kolohe a ma ka waiho ʻana i nā hua.
Hoʻopili ʻia lākou i loko me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka genitalia waho. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o nā ʻano hānau ma waena o nā ʻano. Hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka wahine me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ovipositor.
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Aia kekahi mau ʻiniko ovoviviparous.
ʻO nā laʻana o ia mau pepeke, ʻo ia ka nalo Blaptica dubia a me nā nalo Glossina palpalis (tsetse).
13
Loaʻa ka metamorphosis piha ʻole o kekahi mau pepeke a loaʻa kekahi i ka metamorphosis piha.
I ka hihia o ka metamorphosis piha ʻole, ʻike ʻia ʻekolu pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana: hua manu, larva a me imago (imago). Hele ka metamorphosis piha ma nā ʻanuʻu ʻehā: hua manu, larva, pupa a me ke kanaka makua. Loaʻa ka metamorphosis holoʻokoʻa i ka hymenoptera, nā lele caddis, nā pipi, nā lele a me nā nalo.
14
Ua hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mau iniseti i ke ola mehameha, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i kūkulu i nā kaiāulu nui, pinepine hierarchical.
Hoʻokahi pinepine nā Dragonflies; ʻaʻole maʻamau nā pipi. ʻO nā pepeke e noho pū ana, ʻo ia ka nalo, nā nalo, nā nalo a me nā ʻanuʻu.
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ʻAʻole hiki i nā pepeke ke pepehi i ke kanaka me kā lākou nahu ʻana, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻole e ʻeha loa kēlā nahu.
ʻO ka ʻenekena ʻona loa Pogonomyrmex maricopa e noho ana ma ke komohana hema o Amerika Huipuia a me Mekiko. He ʻumikūmālua nahu mai kēia ʻanoanu hiki ke pepehi i ka ʻiole ʻelua kilo. ʻAʻole make lākou i ke kanaka, akā ʻo kā lākou nahu ʻana e hōʻeha i ka ʻeha nui a hiki i ʻehā hola.
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ʻO ka nui o nā pepeke he nalo.
I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 400 40 mau ʻano o kēia mau insects i wehewehe ʻia, no laila ua hana lākou ma kahi o 25% o nā iniseti āpau a me 318% o nā holoholona āpau. Ua ʻike ʻia nā pīkī mua ma ka Honua ma waena o 299 a 350 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
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I kēia manawa (mai ka makahiki 1500), ma kahi o 66 mau ʻano pepeke i pau.
Noho ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻano i pau ma nā mokupuni moana. ʻO nā kumu i hoʻoweliweli nui ʻia i nā pepeke ʻo ia ka kukui artificial, pesticides, urbanization a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻano invasive.
Nā mea hoihoiʻO nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā tyrannosaurs
ʻO ka lā aʻeNā mea hoihoiʻO nā ʻike hoihoi e pili ana i nā snails